Container shipping has revolutionized global trade, enabling goods to be transported efficiently across oceans. At the center of this transformation are container ships, vessels designed to carry large quantities of cargo in standardized containers. These ships come in various sizes, but the largest, known as "mega container ships," have become true giants of the sea, capable of transporting thousands of containers at a time. As global trade has expanded, so too has the demand for larger ships, pushing the boundaries of engineering and logistics.
Evolution of Container Ship Sizes
The first container ships were relatively modest, able to carry only a few hundred containers. However, as international trade grew, the need for larger and more efficient vessels emerged. Over time, container ships have steadily increased in size, with significant milestones such as the development of Panamax ships—designed to fit through the Panama Canal. Today, some of the largest container ships can carry over 23,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), far surpassing the initial designs. The push for larger vessels is largely driven by economies of scale, allowing for more efficient transport at a lower cost per unit.
Top Largest Container Ships in Operation
The largest container ships currently in operation represent the pinnacle of modern shipbuilding. Among the giants of the sea are vessels like Ever Alot, the largest container ship, along with other massive ships such as HMM Algeciras, MSC Irina, and OOCL Hong Kong. These ships, operated by leading shipping lines like Evergreen, Hyundai Merchant Marine (HMM), and Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), boast capacities exceeding 23,000 TEUs. They are designed to optimize cargo capacity and efficiency, setting new standards for global trade and transportation.
Here are the top 10 largest container ships, renowned for their massive capacity:
Ship #1: MSC IrinaClass: 24,346 TEU
The MSC Irina holds the distinction of being the world’s largest container ship, with a capacity of 24,346 TEU. Launched in April 2023 from Guangzhou Port in China, it spans an impressive 1,312 feet (399.9 meters) in length and 200 feet (61.3 meters) in width.
The MSC Irina is the first of six vessels in the Irina Class, including MSC Loreto, MSC Michel Cappellini, MSC Mariella, MSC Micol, and MSC Türkiye. Built by Jiangsu Yangzijiang Shipbuilding Group, this class is designed for both capacity and efficiency. Despite its enormous size, MSC Irina can stack up to 26 rows of 20-foot containers deep. It incorporates cutting-edge technologies, such as large propellers, a system that generates air bubbles to reduce water resistance, and hybrid scrubbers, which together reduce CO2 emissions by 3 to 4%.
Currently, four of the Irina Class ships are operating on routes between Europe and East Asia, with two more still under construction. Each vessel in the class, delivered in 2023, has a gross tonnage of 233,328 tons, combining vast capacity with eco-friendly innovations.
Ship #2: OOCL Spain – G Class (2023): 24,188 TEU
The OOCL G Class represents a significant milestone for Orient Overseas Container Line (OOCL). Built by China’s COSCO Shipyard Group, the fleet is spearheaded by the OOCL Spain, with six vessels delivered so far and six more under construction.
The G Class vessels are engineering marvels, measuring 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.3 meters (201 feet) in width, and weighing 235,341 gross tonnes. They boast a maximum capacity of 24,188 TEU, making them some of the largest container ships in the world. These ships primarily operate on the Asia-Europe Service LL2 route, enhancing connectivity between East Asia and Europe.The OOCL Spain holds the distinction of being the first OOCL vessel to exceed the 24,000 TEU threshold. She made her maiden voyage from Hong Kong Port. Constructed by Nantong COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co., the OOCL Spain incorporates advanced intelligent technology, earning her "Smart Ship" notations from the American Bureau of Shipping. These innovations optimize fuel efficiency and streamline operations, setting a benchmark for the future of maritime logistics.
Ship #3: ONEI Class – ONE Innovation: 24,136 TEU
The ONE I Class represents a new era of ultra-large container ships (ULCS) for Singapore-based shipping company ONE (Ocean Network Express). Commissioned in 2020 and delivered in 2023, this six-vessel series began with the flagship ONE Innovation.
These massive vessels are designed for efficiency and scale, measuring 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.4 meters (201 feet) in width, and weighing 235,311 gross tonnes. With a maximum capacity of 24,136 TEU, the I Class ships are currently deployed on liner services connecting Europe and East Asia, reinforcing ONE’s global shipping network.
The ONE Innovation, launched in July 2023, is the first of the series and was constructed by Imabari Shipbuilding in Japan. It stands out as the largest ship in the ONE fleet, capable of transporting 25 rows of 40-foot containers, marking a 20% increase in capacity compared to previous vessels. The ship embarked on its maiden voyage from Singapore, stopping at major ports including Hamburg, Antwerp, Southampton, and Algeciras.
This class of ships symbolizes ONE’s commitment to meeting the demands of modern global trade while positioning itself for long-term growth.
Ship #4: MSC Tessa Class: 24,116 TEU
The MSC Tessa Class, also referred to as the Hudong Class, represents a new generation of container ships operated by MSC. Built by CSSC and inspired by the Ever A Class design, this series includes eight vessels delivered in 2023, with two more under construction. These ships are primarily deployed on routes connecting Europe and East Asia, further strengthening MSC’s global shipping capabilities.
The Tessa Class ships are engineering giants, measuring 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.5 meters (202 feet) in width, and weighing 230,757 gross tonnes. With a maximum capacity of 24,116 TEU, these vessels surpass the cargo-carrying capabilities of their predecessors.
The MSC Tessa, the flagship of the series, was designed by Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding and spans the equivalent of nearly four AFL ovals in length. Equipped with innovative features such as hybrid scrubbers, large-diameter propellers, energy-saving ducts, and air lubrication systems, this vessel is designed to minimize drag, reduce energy consumption, and improve overall efficiency. These advancements not only lower fuel usage but also optimize the ship’s Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), reflecting MSC’s commitment to sustainable operations.
The Tessa Class signifies a step forward in balancing capacity, efficiency, and sustainability for global maritime logistics.
Ship #5: Evergreen A Class- Ever Alot (2022): 24,004 TEU
The Evergreen A Class represents a cutting-edge fleet of ultra-large container ships designed for capacity and efficiency. Built by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), five vessels were delivered in 2022, with two operated by GreenCompass Marine and the remaining three under Evergreen’s direct management. Two additional ships are on order to further expand the fleet.
These vessels, including the flagship Ever Alot, measure 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.5 meters (202 feet) in width, and weigh 235,579 gross tonnes. With a maximum capacity of 24,004 TEU, the Evergreen A Class surpasses many of its contemporaries, including its predecessor, the Ever Ace.
The Ever Alot, currently the largest ship in the series, employs advanced hydrodynamic optimization technology to enhance speed and reduce fuel consumption, emphasizing both performance and sustainability. She will soon be joined by the Ever Aria, another 24,000 TEU capacity vessel, which is nearing completion.
The Evergreen A Class is a testament to the company’s commitment to innovation and environmental responsibility, solidifying its position as a leader in global shipping.
Ship #6: Evergreen A Class- Ever Ace (2021): 23,992 TEU
The Evergreen A Class, introduced in 2021, is a fleet of ultra-large container ships operated by Taiwan-based Evergreen Marine Corporation. Consisting of 13 vessels, including 11 already in operation and two under construction, this class is divided into two groups with varying capacities, built across three shipyards.
The six ships constructed by Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) are slightly smaller than their counterparts, with a maximum capacity of 23,992 TEU. These vessels measure 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.5 meters (202 feet) in width, and weigh 235,579 gross tonnes. Four of these SHI-built ships are managed by Evergreen’s subsidiary, GreenCompass Marine, while the remaining two are directly operated by Evergreen Marine.
The Ever Ace, the flagship of this series, made its maiden voyage in July 2021. At the time of its launch, it held the world record for the largest container ship. Built as the first of 12 planned ships of this size, the Ever Ace sails under the Panama flag. Its broader design, at 61.5 meters wide and slightly deeper draft, distinguishes it from similar-length vessels.
The Evergreen A Class demonstrates the company’s focus on combining capacity and efficiency to meet the demands of global trade while maintaining its leadership in maritime innovation.
Ship #7: HMM Algeciras Class (Daewoo): 23,964 TEU
The HMM Algeciras Class, built by Daewoo Shipbuilding (now Hanwha Ocean), represents a cornerstone of HMM’s ultra-large container ship fleet. Delivered in 2020, this group includes the flagship HMM Algeciras and six sister ships, all primarily deployed on routes between East Asia and Europe, connecting key ports such as Rotterdam, London Gateway, Singapore, and Qingdao.
The HMM Algeciras, launched as the first of the series, has a maximum capacity of 23,964 TEU, just 28 containers shy of the Ever Ace. The vessel measures 399.9 meters (1,312 feet) in length, with a beam of 61 meters (200 feet) and a depth of 33.2 meters. It sails under the Panama flag, reflecting its global trade significance.
The Algeciras Class are slightly slimmer compared to other ultra-large vessels, weighing 228,283 gross tonnes. This design optimizes efficiency and performance while maintaining the capacity needed for high-volume shipping demands.
The HMM Algeciras Class, with its advanced engineering and strategic deployment, is a vital asset in supporting global trade and strengthening HMM’s competitive position in maritime logistics.
Ship #8: HMM Algeciras Class (SHI): 23,820 TEU
The HMM Algeciras Class, introduced in 2020, is a fleet of 12 ultra-large container ships operated by HMM (Hyundai Merchant Marine). At the time of their launch, these vessels were the largest container ships in the world. The fleet is divided into two subgroups, with the five vessels built by Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) often referred to as the Oslo Class.
The HMM Oslo, one of the SHI-built ships, is a notable example of this group. It measures 399.9 meters (1,312 feet) in length and 61.5 meters (202 feet) in width. Delivered on May 11, 2020, the HMM Oslo sails under the Panama flag and reflects the advanced engineering of the Algeciras Class.
The SHI-built Algeciras Class vessels boast a maximum capacity of 23,820 TEU, weigh 232,311 gross tonnes, and are designed for efficiency and scale. These ships primarily operate on routes between Asia and Europe, strengthening HMM’s presence in global trade while maintaining their legacy of innovation and excellence in maritime logistics.
Ship #9: MSC Gülsün Class: 23,756 TEU
The MSC Gülsün Class, operated by the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), consists of the flagship MSC Gülsün and 15 sister ships. When the MSC Gülsün was launched in 2019, it held the title of the largest container ship in the world, a distinction it held until it was surpassed by newer vessels. This massive ship measures 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length, 61.5 meters (202 feet) in width, and weighs 232,618 gross tonnes.
Notably, the MSC Gülsün and her sister ships were the first to feature a 24-container-wide deck, a result of their exceptional width. This allowed them to carry more containers side-by-side, with a total capacity of 23,756 TEU. The six ships built by Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) share this capacity, while the remaining ten vessels, constructed by Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering, have a slightly smaller capacity of 23,656 TEU.
Though it no longer holds the title of the largest, the MSC Gülsün remains one of the most significant milestones in container ship design, setting a new benchmark for efficiency and capacity in global shipping.
Ship #10: Hapag-Lloyd Berlin Express Class (2023): 23,664 TEU
The Berlin Express Class, consisting of the flagship Berlin Express and 11 sister ships, is part of Hapag-Lloyd’s fleet serving routes between the Far East and Northern Europe. Delivered in 2023, the Berlin Express measures 400 meters (1,312 feet) in length and 61 meters (200 feet) in width, with a total capacity of 23,664 TEU and a gross tonnage of 229,376.
These ships feature dual-fuel technology, enabling them to run on LNG and alternative fuels like e-methane. Powered by a MAN main engine producing over 75,000 kW, they can reach a cruising speed of 22 knots, balancing efficiency with flexibility in fuel use.
Engineering Feats Behind Mega Vessels
Constructing a mega container ship requires extraordinary feats of engineering. These massive vessels are powered by engines capable of producing immense power to navigate the high seas. Advanced hull designs help reduce drag, optimizing fuel efficiency. The sheer size and weight of these ships demand meticulous planning to maintain balance and stability when loaded with cargo. Specialized dry docks and cutting-edge materials are used during construction, ensuring the ships are both durable and capable of withstanding the stresses of ocean travel. Automation and real-time data tracking have become integral parts of these vessels, enhancing efficiency and safety.
Impact on Global Trade and Economy
Mega container ships have had a profound impact on global trade. With their immense size, these ships allow for the transportation of goods at a much lower cost per container. This reduction in shipping costs benefits businesses and consumers, making products more affordable and widely available. The larger vessels have streamlined global supply chains, enabling faster and more reliable trade across continents. In response, many major ports have adapted their infrastructure to accommodate these massive ships, constructing deeper docks and installing larger cranes capable of managing the increased size of cargo containers.
Environmental Considerations and Challenges
While the size and efficiency of large container ships offer economic advantages, they also present significant environmental challenges. The fuel consumed by these vessels, often heavy oil, contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. To address these concerns, some of the largest container ships now utilize liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a cleaner alternative to traditional fuel. In addition, shipping companies are exploring hybrid and fully electric solutions. Innovations in hull design and the adoption of wind-assist technologies are also helping reduce fuel consumption, making container shipping more sustainable. As the industry grows, the focus will continue to shift toward minimizing its environmental footprint.
Future Trends in Container Ship Design
As global trade continues to expand, the design of container ships will likely evolve to meet both economic and environmental demands. Future vessels may feature advanced propulsion systems such as hydrogen-powered engines to further reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Innovations in materials may lead to lighter, more durable, and fuel-efficient ships. The development of autonomous shipping, where vessels operate with minimal human intervention, is another exciting trend. Additionally, there is growing interest in integrating renewable energy sources like wind power to help propel these vessels. As technology continues to evolve, the next generation of container ships will likely incorporate a blend of cutting-edge engineering and a focus on sustainability.
Where Do We Grow from Here: Are Bigger Vessels on the Horizon?
The future trajectory of growth in container ship size remains speculative at this point. According to Malchow, the construction of the first 30,000 TEU ships (nominal capacity) could begin as early as 2025. His forecast is based on the exponential growth in the nominal slot capacity of the largest ships since the late 1960s (Malchow 2017). However, the exact dimensions of these 30,000 TEU vessels remain a subject of debate. Park et al., through regression analysis, suggest dimensions of 453 meters in length, 72.0 meters in beam, and a draught of up to 17.3 meters (Park and Suh 2019). In contrast, newer projections are more conservative. According to a recent Alphaliner report, the 30,000 TEU milestone could be achieved with dimensions of 425 meters in length and 66.1 meters in beam, representing an extension of two additional 40′ bays compared to the current MGX-24 ships and a widening to 26 rows. Prior to reaching these sizes, intermediate steps in length and width are expected, such as lengthening the vessel to 425 meters while adding just one more row, bringing the total to 25 rows (Alphaliner 2021).
Conclusion: The Ongoing Race for Capacity
The quest for the largest container ship is far from over. Shipping companies continue to push the boundaries of ship design and technology to create vessels that can carry even more containers while operating more efficiently. While this drive for larger ships brings significant economic benefits, it also poses challenges in terms of environmental impact and logistical considerations. The future of container shipping will be shaped by the industry’s ongoing efforts to balance size and capacity with sustainability and efficiency. The race for bigger and more efficient vessels will likely define the next phase in the evolution of global trade.
FAQs
How many containers does the largest container ship carry?
The largest container ship, MSC Irina, has a capacity of 24,346 TEU (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units).
Can a ship carry 20,000 containers?
Yes, many modern large container ships can carry over 20,000 containers. For example, ships like the MSC Irina, OOCL Spain, and ONE Innovation all carry capacities above 24,000 TEU, far exceeding 20,000 containers.
How many 40ft containers fit on the biggest cargo ship?
The largest cargo ships, such as the MSC Irina and OOCL Spain, can carry up to 24,346 TEU or 24,188 TEU, respectively. Since a 40ft container counts as 2 TEUs (since it’s twice the length of a 20ft container), these ships can carry approximately 12,173 to 12,094 40ft containers.
How much does a 24,000 TEU container ship cost?
The cost of a 24,000 TEU container ship can vary significantly depending on the design and technology. Generally, the construction cost of these large vessels ranges from $150 million to $200 million or more, depending on features like propulsion systems, fuel efficiency technologies, and environmental standards. For example, the vessels in the Irina Class and OOCL G Class are some of the largest and most advanced, likely falling within this price range.
